What is Republic Day? Why do Indians celebrate Republic Day?
India celebrates Republic Day on January 26 each year to commemorate the day when the Constitution of India came into effect in 1950, officially making India a sovereign, democratic, and republican nation. This historic event marked the transition of India from a British dominion under the Government of India Act, 1935, to an independent republic with a fully codified constitution. Here's a detailed history:
Background and Significance
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Indian Independence Movement:
India gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947, after a long and arduous struggle led by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. However, at the time of independence, India did not have its own constitution. Instead, it functioned under the Government of India Act, 1935, which was a colonial framework. -
Need for a Constitution:
The newly independent nation needed a comprehensive constitution that reflected the aspirations, values, and identity of its people. This would ensure the establishment of a government "by the people, for the people, and of the people," while safeguarding justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Drafting the Constitution
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Constituent Assembly Formation:
The Constituent Assembly of India was formed in 1946, with members elected by the provincial assemblies. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a visionary leader and social reformer, was appointed the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. -
Drafting and Adoption:
- The Constitution took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to draft.
- On November 26, 1949, the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution. This day is now observed as Constitution Day in India.
- However, the Assembly decided to implement the Constitution on January 26, 1950, to honor the historical significance of this date.
Why January 26?
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Significance of the Date:
January 26 was chosen because it had a special place in India’s struggle for independence. On January 26, 1930, the Indian National Congress (INC), led by leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, declared Purna Swaraj (complete independence) from British rule in Lahore. This day was observed as Independence Day in the years leading up to 1947. -
Symbolic Continuity:
By inaugurating the Constitution on January 26, the leaders of independent India linked the democratic republic's foundation to the ideals of self-rule and sovereignty celebrated in 1930.
Republic Day – The Birth of a Republic
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Transition of Power:
On January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect, replacing the Government of India Act, 1935. India officially became a republic, with Dr. Rajendra Prasad taking oath as the first President of India. -
Significance of the Republic:
A republic means a system where the head of the state is elected, not a hereditary monarch. This made India a truly democratic nation, with sovereignty vested in its people.
Republic Day Celebrations
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First Republic Day:
The first Republic Day was celebrated in 1950 with great enthusiasm. The main event was held at Irwin Stadium (now National Stadium), Delhi. -
Modern Celebrations:
- The highlight of Republic Day is the parade held at Rajpath (now renamed Kartavya Path) in New Delhi. It showcases India’s military strength, cultural diversity, and technological achievements.
- The President of India hoists the national flag and takes the salute of the parade, which includes contingents from the armed forces, police, and paramilitary forces.
- The event also features cultural performances, tableaux from various states, and a flypast by the Indian Air Force.
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Guest of Honor:
Each year, a foreign dignitary is invited as the Chief Guest to emphasize India’s commitment to international relations. -
Beating Retreat:
The celebrations conclude with the Beating Retreat Ceremony on January 29, where military bands play patriotic tunes, and the national flag is ceremonially lowered.
Legacy and Importance
Republic Day is a reminder of India’s hard-earned independence, the sacrifices of its freedom fighters, and the values enshrined in its Constitution. It is a day to reaffirm the principles of democracy, secularism, and unity in diversity that define India as a nation.
How Indians Celebrate Republic Day?
Republic Day in India is celebrated on January 26 every year with great enthusiasm, patriotism, and grandeur. The day marks the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950, transforming India into a republic. Here’s how Indians celebrate this significant occasion:
National Level Celebrations
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Grand Parade at Kartavya Path (New Delhi):
- The Republic Day Parade in New Delhi is the most prominent celebration, organized by the Ministry of Defence.
- The President of India hoists the national flag and takes the salute from the armed forces, police, and other contingents.
- The parade features:
- Military Strength: Display of modern weapons, tanks, missiles, and aircraft.
- Cultural Tableaux: Colorful floats representing the unique heritage of different states and Union Territories.
- Performances: School children perform patriotic dances and songs.
- Flypast: The Indian Air Force concludes the event with a spectacular flypast, showcasing fighter jets and helicopters.
- A foreign dignitary is invited each year as the Chief Guest, symbolizing India’s diplomatic relations.
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Beating Retreat Ceremony:
- Held on January 29, this ceremony marks the end of Republic Day celebrations.
- It takes place at Rashtrapati Bhavan, where military bands perform patriotic tunes, and the national flag is ceremoniously lowered.
State-Level Celebrations
- Flag Hoisting and Parades:
- State Governors hoist the tricolor flag in state capitals, followed by parades, cultural performances, and award ceremonies.
- Local schools, colleges, and organizations also participate in these events.
Schools and Colleges
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Flag Hoisting Ceremonies:
- Educational institutions organize flag hoisting by principals or special guests.
- Students sing the national anthem and patriotic songs like "Vande Mataram" and "Saare Jahan Se Achha."
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Cultural Programs:
- Activities include patriotic dances, dramas, debates, and essay-writing competitions focusing on the importance of Republic Day and national unity.
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Parades and March Past:
- Students participate in parades, showcasing their discipline and respect for the nation.
Local and Community Celebrations
- Public Flag Hoisting:
- Local communities and housing societies organize flag-hoisting ceremonies and cultural events.
- Distribution of Sweets:
- It’s common for sweets to be distributed after flag hoisting, especially in schools and public gatherings.
Awards and Recognitions
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National Awards:
- The Padma Awards, one of the highest civilian honors in India, are announced on the eve of Republic Day.
- Gallantry Awards like the Param Vir Chakra, Ashok Chakra, and Kirti Chakra are presented to the armed forces and civilians for bravery and distinguished service.
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Children’s Bravery Awards:
- The National Bravery Awards are given to children for their courageous acts.
Patriotic Displays
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Homes and Streets Decorated:
- Streets, buildings, and homes are adorned with the tricolor in the form of flags, lights, and decorations.
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Media and Entertainment:
- Television channels broadcast live coverage of the parade.
- Patriotic movies and documentaries are aired throughout the day.
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Social Media and Campaigns:
- Indians actively share patriotic messages, videos, and tributes to the nation on social media platforms.
Military and Public Ceremonies
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Military Events:
- Wreath-laying ceremonies are held at war memorials like the National War Memorial to honor martyrs.
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Public Participation:
- People attend ceremonies, fly kites, and organize charity events to mark the day.
Conclusion
Republic Day is not just a celebration but a moment for Indians to reflect on the nation’s journey, its constitutional values, and the sacrifices of those who contributed to its freedom and development. The day fosters a sense of unity, pride, and commitment to the country’s progress.
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